科普视频
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位置[[线粒体内膜（inner membrane）]]
生理意义
把NADH从细胞质转移到线粒体基质（NADH再生成）
种类
[[0. 三磷酸甘油穿梭（glycerol-phosphate shuttle）]] [[0. 苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭（malate–aspartate shuttle）]]
总结
| Name | 进入线粒体基质 | To [ETC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chain "Electron transport chain") | 输出至细胞质 | 特点 | 案例 | | ------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------ | -------------- | ------ | | [[0. 三磷酸甘油穿梭（glycerol-phosphate shuttle）]] | [[甘油-3-磷酸（Glycerol 3-phosphate）]] | $(~1.5 ATP) | [[C3：二羟丙酮磷酸（DHAP）]] | 速度快；<br>损失大量能量 | 昆虫的飞行肌 | | [[0. 苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭（malate–aspartate shuttle）]] | [[C4：苹果酸（malic）]] | $ (~2.5 ATP) | [[C4：草酰乙酸（OAA，oxaloacetate）]]、[[C4：天冬氨酸（Asp，aspartate）]] | 速度慢；<br>损失能量少 | |